Hostile takeovers are when an acquiring company buys a target firm by going directly to the company's shareholders or by initiating the replacement of those that stand in the deals way. In Europe, between 1985 and 2018, the United Kingdom (UK) had by far the highest value of hostile merger and acquisition takeovers with deals completed amounting to approximately *** billion U.S. dollars.
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Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). (August 8, 2019). Value of hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by country (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 01, 2026, from /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). "Value of hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by country (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. August 8, 2019. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 01, 2026. /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). (2019). Value of hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by country (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 01, 2026. /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). "Value of Hostile Merger and Acquisition (M&a) Take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by Country (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 8 Aug 2019, /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/
Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA), Value of hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by country (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/ (last visited August 01, 2026)
Value of hostile merger and acquisition (M&A) take-overs in Europe between 1985 and 2018, by country (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA), August 8, 2019. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1043211/value-of-hostile-takeovers-in-europe-by-country/
