Particulate emissions damage is the damage due to exposure of a country's population to ambient concentrations of particulates measuring less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), ambient ozone pollution, and indoor concentrations of PM2.5 in households cooking with solid fuels. Damages are calculated as foregone labor income due to premature death. Estimates of health impacts from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Data for other years have been extrapolated from trends in mortality rates.
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Global particulate emissions damage as a share of GNI 1990-2021, by select country
Particulate emission damage as a share of gross national income (GNI) is noticeably higher in developing countries than in developed countries. For instance, PM2.5 emission damage as a share of Chad's GNI was reported at **** percent in 2021. This was well above the world average of **** percent.
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World Bank. (December 18, 2023). Damage due to particulate emissions (PM2.5) as a percent of gross national income (GNI) worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by select country [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved August 03, 2026, from /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/
World Bank. "Damage due to particulate emissions (PM2.5) as a percent of gross national income (GNI) worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by select country." Chart. December 18, 2023. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed August 03, 2026. /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/
World Bank. (2023). Damage due to particulate emissions (PM2.5) as a percent of gross national income (GNI) worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by select country. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: August 03, 2026. /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/
World Bank. "Damage Due to Particulate Emissions (Pm2.5) as a Percent of Gross National Income (Gni) Worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by Select Country." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 18 Dec 2023, /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/
World Bank, Damage due to particulate emissions (PM2.5) as a percent of gross national income (GNI) worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by select country ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/ (last visited August 03, 2026)
Damage due to particulate emissions (PM2.5) as a percent of gross national income (GNI) worldwide in 1990 and 2021, by select country [Graph], World Bank, December 18, 2023. [Online]. Available: /statistics/564687/damage-from-particulate-emissions-as-percent-of-gni-worldwide-by-select-country/
