Figures are obtained from different yearly reports from the same source, namely Global Peace Index (2017, 2019, and 2020), and The Economic Value of Peace (2018).
Annual costs of violence are presented in constant purchasing power parity (PPP) per the same year, except for 2022, which is in PPP 2021.
The source adds the following information:
"The economic cost of violence includes only the direct and indirect costs (of violence)."
As of 2023, the total economic cost of violence in Ghana amounted to *** trillion U.S. dollars, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). In the year before, the cost was slightly lower, at roughly *** trillion U.S. dollars. The indicator measures both direct and indirect costs of violent acts.
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IEP. (June 1, 2024). Economic cost of violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in million PPP U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 31, 2026, from /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/
IEP. "Economic cost of violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in million PPP U.S. dollars)." Chart. June 1, 2024. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 31, 2026. /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/
IEP. (2024). Economic cost of violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in million PPP U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 31, 2026. /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/
IEP. "Economic Cost of Violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in Million Ppp U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 1 Jun 2024, /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/
IEP, Economic cost of violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in million PPP U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/ (last visited July 31, 2026)
Economic cost of violence in Ghana from 2017 to 2023 (in million PPP U.S. dollars) [Graph], IEP, June 1, 2024. [Online]. Available: /statistics/1233165/economic-cost-of-violence-in-ghana/
