* Development phases (pre-construction and construction).
Soft construction includes: architecture, engineering, legal, marketing, management, administration.
Site development includes: grading, paving, landscaping, roadway, parking, off-site improvements.
Hard construction includes: labor, materials, construction management. Tenant improvements include: interior design and construction (excludes furniture and equipment).
This statistic displays the direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase. In that year, hard construction costs accounted for the highest expenditure in commercial building development, reaching approximately *** billion U.S. dollars.
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Dodge Data & Analytics, & NAIOP. (January 25, 2019). Direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph]. In ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Retrieved July 21, 2026, from /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/
Dodge Data & Analytics, und NAIOP. "Direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase (in billion U.S. dollars)." Chart. January 25, 2019. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. Accessed July 21, 2026. /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/
Dodge Data & Analytics, NAIOP. (2019). Direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase (in billion U.S. dollars). ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ. ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc.. Accessed: July 21, 2026. /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/
Dodge Data & Analytics, and NAIOP. "Direct Expenditures on Commercial Building Development in The U.S. in 2018, by Phase (in Billion U.S. Dollars)." ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ Inc., 25 Jan 2019, /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/
Dodge Data & Analytics & NAIOP, Direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase (in billion U.S. dollars) ÌÇÐÄÆƽâ°æ, /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/ (last visited July 21, 2026)
Direct expenditures on commercial building development in the U.S. in 2018, by phase (in billion U.S. dollars) [Graph], Dodge Data & Analytics, & NAIOP, January 25, 2019. [Online]. Available: /statistics/939777/commercial-building-development-direct-expenditures-us-by-phase/
