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Following the historic 2016 peace treaty between the Colombian government and the FARC, rural Colombia experienced a brief power vacuum. But rather than stabilizing, the criminal landscape aggressively reconfigured, resulting in a remilitarization over the following years. Indeed, the total number of members belonging to illegal armed groups in Colombia nearly doubled in less than a decade, skyrocketing from 10,653 in 2017 to 21,958 by 2024.

This growth has been driven primarily by four major factions: the National Liberation Army (ELN), the multi-structured FARC dissident groups (Estado Mayor Central and Segunda Marquetalia), who rejected the peace process, and the heavily armed drug-trafficking cartel known as the Gulf Clan (AGC).