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In 2022, the Italian government invested around 8,400 euros per primary school pupil and almost 7,800 euros per high school student. However, figures were considerably below the European average. In particular, compared to other EU countries, Italy spent 1,600 euros less per lower secondary school pupil and 860 euros less per upper secondary school student. The largest gap was recorded in tertiary education spending. Public investments per Italian university student were 3,200 euros below the European mean.