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As of April 2022, carbon prices to transition from coal-to-gas amounted to 488 U.S. dollars per metric ton of carbon dioxide, compared with negative 44 U.S. dollars for coal-to-clean. Carbon prices to switch from coal to gas or clean energy generally declined up to 2020, after which the a gas supply shortage meant that a transition from coal to gas energy was no longer economical. This was further exacerbated after the Russia-Ukraine war put constraints on gas trade. Indonesia and Japan are among the countries with the highest carbon prices to switch from coal to clean energy.